System of Checks and Balances in America Essay - 1215 Words

In 1787 the United States of America Constitution, written by America’s forefathers, established a revised plan of government for the United States of America. The United States of America Constitution proclaims its purpose in its Preamble: â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† After the Preamble, the Constitution creates separation of power by dividing the government into three separate branches. These branches include the executive branch, the†¦show more content†¦This system guarantees impartial and balanced representation to each state. In Article II Executive Powers, the executive branch of government is created. Article III of the Constitution discusses Judicial Powers of both Supreme and inferior courts ensuring that all Americans receive a justice through fair trial. The remaining articles of the Constitution, Articles IV, V, VI, and VII, focus on Procedures for Amendments, a process which utilizes the system of checks and balances to create amendments. America’s founding fathers were able to create a system of government â€Å"under God†¦of the people, by the people, for the people† (Abraham Lincoln) by creating separation of power by branches and a system of checks and balances on and over the different branches. The United States executive branch checks both the Congress and judicial branch and is balanced by both the legislative and judicial branches. The President of the United States of America is able to check and balance the legislature by the power to veto, the power to recess appointments, the power to call emergency sessions of one or both houses of Congress, the power of forced an adjournment when both house s cannot agree on adjournment. The President is the commander in chief of the military, while the Vice President is President of the Senate. The executive branch checks on the judiciary branch by having the power to appoint judgesShow MoreRelatedThe Theory, Separation Of Powers With Checks And Balances, And Divided Government1456 Words   |  6 Pageswithin three features of American government: the Hyperpluralist theory, separation of powers with checks and balances, and divided government. All these aspects of government result in gridlock, â€Å"a condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy, so nothing gets done† (19). The first element of government that halts progress in America is the hyperpluralist theory, an extension of the pluralist theory. Edwards, Lineberry and WattenbergRead MoreThe System Of Checks And Balances Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe flow of power in the system of checks and balances was created to protect the principles of democracy and sovereignty in the United States, But Even though there is a separation of powers, its clear to argue that the executive branch(President) is the most important branch and there are flaws in the system of checks and balances. II Signifigance of the Topic The system of checks and balances is an significant part of the Constitution because With checks and balances, each of the three branchesRead MoreGovernment Philosophy1327 Words   |  6 Pageswords define what are government has been created for. It was created by the people for the people and today I think America is falling away from those beliefs that are founding fathers wrote so long ago. So how does America get back on track? Well for one I think the American Government has forgotten that this country has been blessed by The Lord our God and in doing so I think America is suffering for it. That’s just one subject that I think is wrong with the American Government but I’m going to talkRead MoreThe Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Essay518 Words   |  3 Pagespowers and checks and balances is a system that was created in America by the founding fathers in the constitution of the United States. The separation of power plays an important role of keepin g the three branches which are legislative, executive, and judicial in the government systems equal to one another and that neither branches becomes too powerful. Each branch has its very own power and duties to serve to the people and government. All three branches play a significant role in checks and balancesRead MorePresidential Power : Presidential Powers985 Words   |  4 Pagesmany issues arising of whether the President is in need of constrictions and restrictions on the executive powers or if Congress has put a big enough indentation on these powers since September 1st, 2001 terrorist attack against the United States of America. Lyons examines the reasons behind presidents expanding their powers throughout the past two centuries, which recent terrorists attacks and congressional gridlocking play a major role. She provides specific types of executive actions that recent presidentsRead MoreThe Structure And Support System Of A Person s Financial State874 Words   |  4 Pag esBanks are the structure and support system of a person’s financial state. People rely on banks to keep their money safe. Choosing a bank is an important decision and there is a lot to account for when looking to see which one is most beneficial. While there are lots of banks to choose from, Bank of America and PNC are two of the biggest and most commonly known. When it comes down to which is better, PNC or Bank of America, the obvious answer is PNC.PNC has lower fees, better benefits, and customersRead MoreThe System Of Checks And Balances859 Words   |  4 PagesKevin nunez Power and Politics midterm essay. DR. Zagorcheva Explain the system of checks and balances within the American government and its significance. Be sure to provide examples and discuss alternative views. The purpose for our Constitution was to implement a new government with three equal branches that balance and check each other. The three branches are formed and is important that the maintain balance in Legislative, executive and Judiciary branches in order for our government toRead MoreEssay on The Power Of The Judiciary1649 Words   |  7 Pagescreating the system of government for America, they knew that a separation of power would be necessary to protect the American people from the evils of a monarchy or dictatorship. In doing this, they created the three branches of government; Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. The plan was to have the Legislative make the laws, Executive enforce the laws, and the Judiciary interpret the laws, and it was Madisons system of quot;Checks and Balancesquot; that would keep the three in check. No oneRead MoreEssay Federalist1178 Words   |  5 Pageswere two that played a major part in American life. The first major argument was that the powers of the government came directly or indirectly from the common people. The second argument stated that to keep the government in check there is a series of checks and balances that will not let one branch of government gain too much control. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay put forth many of the arguments in support of the Constitution, but these two stood out more than the rest. In more depth, the firstRead MoreThe Road Of Democracy For America1334 Words   |  6 Pagesroad to democracy for America was a long one. This road starts before America was its own country it was under the rule of the British Empire. Under the Monarch the colonist’s individual rights were completely compromised in return for order and stability. Colonists felt as the King was wrongfully infringing upon their rights and declared independence from the British. Down the road during the Revolutionary war America functioned through the Articles of Confederation, a system where the power was given

The Link Between Aids And Poverty - 2237 Words

The Connection of AIDS to Poverty and Societal Values in Sub Saharan Africa Sub Saharan Africa is a region located on the southern end of the African continent made up of 29 diverse countries that contain different languages, cultures, and resources. The people of Sub Saharan Africa rely heavily on agriculture and livestock as their main sources of economy. Common practices throughout the region consist of patriarchal gender roles. Although many countries are experiencing a slowing in population over the years, Africa is predicted to reach more than 2 billion people by the year 2050 (Geo Hive), but it also has the most serious HIV/AIDS epidemic in the world. Although each country varies in its culture, there is a strong correlation between AIDS, poverty, and societal values throughout the entire region of Sub Saharan Africa. Significant poverty in many of these countries is both the cause and the outcome of the high incidents of AIDS. Commercial sex, a common and widely practiced outcome of poverty has played a role in spreading the epidemic. AIDS has also been spread throughout the region as a result of the societal values practiced such as polygamy, teenage marriage, and church rulings, all contributing to making AIDS the number one killer in Sub Saharan Africa. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is believed to have originated in western Africa during the 19th to 20th century. HIV is a virus that gradually attacks the immune system which effects the body s ability toShow MoreRelatedThe Government Should Not Be Taxing Us For Someone Else s Needs1709 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: Main Point; The US is already in a state of poverty and with the people that have trouble with taxes and now that we added this it is going to be almost impossible for some people to live in this economy with this tax problem. Secondary points; taxes are just to expensive that s why we need to get rid of foreign aid. This paper is about how the government is taking our tax money and giving it to people in lower income countries. Us government should not be taxing us for someone elseRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Australian Aid884 Words   |  4 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Aid to Australia – Geography Essay The purpose of Australian Aid is to help developing countries around the world eradicate poverty and to promote stability and prosperity both in our region and beyond, by providing different types of assistance and financial support. Although Australia receives a number of benefits due to aid, several disadvantages can also arise as a result of this link with different countries. Providing aid to developing countries in the Asia-PacificRead MoreMultilateral Aid And Non Government Aid1123 Words   |  5 Pagesbillion on foreign aid links in 2012. Aid is the transfer of necessities to assist others on a local, national or international scale. International aid, which this report focuses on, is the assistance given to a developing country by a developed country, which boosts economic growth and living standards. There are three types of aid; bilateral aid, multilateral aid and non-government aid. Bilateral aid is aid provided by one government to another. AusAID is example of Bilateral aid it is the governmentRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids948 Words   |  4 Pagesliving with HIV/AIDS. In Swaziland, 42 per cent of women attending antenatal clinics are infected, with similar rates found elsewhere in the region. Many children are affected by the disease in a number of ways: they live with sick parents and relatives in households drained of resources due to the epi demic, and those who have lost parents are less likely to go to school or continue with their education.Studies in the regions of Southern Africa and South-East Asia have found HIV/AIDS to negativelyRead MoreEnvironment and Sustainable Development1795 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational aid plays in linking natural-hazards reduction to sustainable development are crucial things to achieve. NATURAL HAZARD LOSSES The global losses can be assessed by making use of wide variety of sources from government compilations, scientific publications, and media accounts. Human deaths usually used to quantify the loss. Its counts are the most consistently recorded type of hazard loss throughout the world. Thus, it appears to be the best indicator of loss in comparisons between disastersRead MoreState of America’s Children: Child Poverty Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ State of America’s Children: Child Poverty Argosy University Online November 20, 2013 Abstract America is one of the riches countries in the world it is home to approximately 406 billionaires and many millionaires, babies are being born into poverty about every 32 seconds everyday (Children’s Defense Fund, 2010). The Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) reports one is every five children are born in to poverty and children constitute for the poorest age group in America (Children’sRead MoreTopic. The World Bank Uses A Multitude Of Corrupt Policies1393 Words   |  6 Pagesand social ordinances that ultimately harm those who are under them and more specifically the Third World. Despite initial intentions of positive social and economic change, the World Bank uses its influence as a powerful corporation to falsify the aid given to those who need it most. Tentative Thesis Statement We want to believe that human nature innately wants to do good, to change the world and save the lives of thousands, yet this is more than often not the case. When an institution gains enoughRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead MoreGlobalization Has Brought New Opportunities For Equitable Health1560 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world, health equity is a common concern. Though a highly normative term, equity is used for operationalization and measurement and can be defined as: â€Å"the absence of systematic disparities in health (or in the major determinants of health) between social groups with different levels of underlying social advantage or disadvantage†¦ (Braveman and Gruskin, 2002, p. 254). While many factors influence health equity, one of the largest today is globalization; in fact, The World Health OrganizationRead MoreImf : Imf And World Bank1255 Words   |  6 Pagesof the World Bank or the IMF project that was developed is â€Å"Rebuilding Infrastructure.† It was set in motion to aid the rebuilding of Infrastructures in countries that were ravaged by, during and after World War II. The project (Rebuilding Infrastructure, under the supervision of IMF and World bank), was originally intended for, and as a principal supervisor on agendas such as poverty reduction, quality education, provision and availability of pure and clean water for all, steady development of employment

France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 Free Essays

During the French Revolution the years of 1799-1815, France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte. Although many people feel that Napoleon is one of dictatorship, the truth is he one for the country and did what he felt was in the best interest of France. Napoleon was a democratic leader for his country. We will write a custom essay sample on France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 or any similar topic only for you Order Now By studying his role in education, the political aspects, and the social aspects of France, one can see he did good for the country although not everything was perfect, there is no perfect person or Utopia. Napoleon set out to make France the greatest nation of Europe, and education was one of the top priorities on his list. Since Napoleon believed in a system of merit not one of family hierarchy, he felt everyone needed to be educated. The government was getting numerous complaints regarding the lack of schools in many areas, lack of professionalism among the teachers, lack of discipline and attendance by students and, in a few areas, lack of religious education (Markham 5). The problem with religious education was partially resolved by the Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. Religious elementary schools had opened but mostly for girls. Napoleon felt that girls and boys didn’t need the same education. Girls needed domestic skills, which will be helpful once married. Although he did feel they needed to learn, numbers, writing, and the principles of their languages, as well as history, geography, physics and botany. Another part of education that was very significant to Napoleon was the idea of secondary education. He felt that boy’s education should be separated into 2 parts; under age 12 and over age 12. The first 4 classes would include general topics, once finished with that they would have to choose between a civil career or a career in the military and the rest of their education would depend on that (Markham 5). To this day the Napoleonic educational system is still very popular in France. There has been some modification in the system such as, the separation of church and state was made complete. Now religion was not part of the public school’s curriculum. The high schools know, as lycees are still there today and even plays more of an important role. Graduation from a lycee is good enough for most jobs. Napoleon also did good for the political system of France. He created a new constitution. It consisted of three consuls. The first consul assumed by Napoleon, but was voted in. Napoleon worked really hard to put France back together after the revolution. He allowed all types of political refugees back into France, and also appointed both radical republicans and royalist aristocrats to his government. (Hooker 2). While the most peerless act was to allow the Catholic church back into to France, The concordat with Pope Pius VII. While in rule he also created The Napoleonic Code. It was a complete revamp of the French law. It was based on 2 ideas: that all men are equal under the law (but not women) and all people have a right to property. The code stamped out all privileges from the law including tax laws. The code spelled out various contractual laws to ensure the inviolability of private property. (Hooker 3) Many people think that what Napoleon was doing was wrong, yet they voted him Napoleon I, Emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon also in all he did abolished feudalism, which was part of the Code. As was stated before Napoleon brought the Catholic Church back into France; Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII agreed that it was necessary for the peace of the country. Napoleon also created the Legion of Honor in 1802. It was Nobility but it was based on ability. At first not many people favored it, but by Napoleon’s downfall everyone even the Republicans favored it. (Holtman 3) Napoleon also accounted for the improvement and better treatment of the Jews. He gave them the right to worship in private and in some cases allowed them to become full-fledged citizens. Napoleon also helped create a system of measurement for the whole country now used in many places the metric system. He also created the bank of France. It aided the unification of the country and made it easy for everyone. Before Napoleon came around marriages were only allowed through the church, he allowed marriages outside the church. The church never recognized divorces but Napoleon did. Which made life a lot easier for people in France. Napoleon might have wanted to have control over many lands, but most importantly he had improved the status of France from what it was after the Revolution to what it is now. He has helped shape present day France. His ideas with education, the government, and the social revolution he created were a huge part in history. He was a democratic leader in many different aspects. How to cite France was ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815, Papers

Journal Hospitality And Tourism Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Hospitality And Tourism Management? Answer: Introduction Marketing play an important role for the contemporary business organizations in surviving in the current competitive business scenario. In addition, having effective marketing strategies also helps in cutting off the intensity of the competition and helps to stay ahead over the competitors (Gronroos and Gummerus 2014). However, prior to the implementation of the marketing strategies, it is important to determine the current market position along with the current market segments. In accordance to that, marketing strategies should be implemented. There are various models and concepts related to the marketing can be used in order to determine the market needs and requirement and to implement effective strategies. Emirates airlines is one of the leading airliners in the world based in Dubai, Abu Dhabi. Emirates are the largest airliner in the entire Middle Eastern region in terms of the passenger traffic and flow of the airlines. In terms of the passenger traffic, Emirates are currently standing at rank four globally (Emirates global 2018). Currently, they are having their presence in more than 80 countries and fly in all the major cities around the world. However, in the recent time, they are facing huge competition in the market due to the presence of various global brands and established players. In addition, other airliners from the Middle-eastern regions such as Ethihad airways and Qatar Airways are posing serious threat for Emirates airlines. Therefore, it is important for Emirates airlines to effectively determine the current market position in regard to the competition. In accordance to that, they should identify the marketing objectives along with the target market. This report will discuss about the current position of Emirates in the market. In addition, this report will also discuss about the ideal marketing mix of Emirates, which will help them in having better position in the market. Current market position of Emirates The first step of determining the marketing strategies of Emirates is to identify the current market position of them. In this case, BCG matrix will be used in order to identify the exact area where Emirates is currently standing in front of their competitors (Rudnicki and Vagner 2014). The above diagram is showing that Emirates airline is belonging in stars where none of their competitors are present. This denotes that the current market share as well as the current market growth rate is favorable for them. Thus, Emirates airline should design their marketing strategies in such way that it will help them to attract new customers as well as retaining the existing ones. On the other hand, it is also identified from the above diagram that Lufthansa can be considered as one of the key competitors. This is due to the reason that Lufthansa is currently standing in the Cash cow element, which denotes that they are the market leader but not having the growth rate as Emirates airline. Moreover, Qatar airways are having less market share than Emirates but they are also having growth rate. Thus, it can be concluded that currently the growth rate of Emirates is favorable but they not in the top position in terms of market share. The marketing strategies should be implemented i n order to retain the existing customers. Brand positioning map Brand positioning map will be used in order to identify the current positioning of the brand of Emirates and how they are being perceived in the market against their competitors. The above brand positioning map shows that Emirates Airline is being positioned as high cost and high quality airliner. On the other hand, it is also being seen that Ethihad is having higher price structure compared to Emirates with having higher service quality. Moreover, Qatar airways are having similar service quality with Emirates but they are having lower price point compared to the other two. Air Asia and Ryan air is having much lower price points compared to others but they cannot pose much challenges to the Emirates due to the reason that Emirates are being positioned as long haul and quality airline over the budget carriers and show haul flights of Ryan air and Air Asia (David 2013). Thus, from the above map, it can be concluded that the key competitors for Emirates are the Qatar airways and Ethihad airways. Moreover, due to the fact that all these players are being based in the Middle Eastern regions, the competition is much higher. Identification of the marketing objectives The above sections have discussed about the current market position of Emirate airline over their competitors. Thus, the ideal marketing objectives of them in accordance to their current market position will be discussed in the following sections (Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier 2015). The objectives will be discussed for 3 years period. The first marketing objective should be the overtaking Lufthansa in terms of the market share. This is due to the reason that the core objective for any marketing strategy is to increase the customer traffic. Thus, according to the above analysis, Lufthansa is way ahead of them in terms of the current market share. Hence, the marketing objective for the next three years should be overtaking them. The next objective will be increase the brand position in the mind of the customers in terms of the service quality. This is due to the reason that, in the above analysis it is seen that Emirates is trailing behind Ethihad in terms of service quality (Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain 2015). Thus, the marketing strategies should be designed and implemented in such a way that the diverse service provided by Emirates should get properly communicated to the target customers. The last marketing objective of them should be entering in the untapped regions. There are still various potential regions where Emirates airline is not having their presence. Thus, in the next three years, they should initiate their marketing strategies in order to tap the new markets. Identification of the target segments Emirates being one of the largest airliners in the world are having diverse and vast customer segments. This report will identify three key customer segments for them and will discuss the strategies that can be initiated in order to enhance the loyalty of the respective customer segments (Cross, Belich and Rudelius 2015). Segmentation process will be done in terms of only usage and behavioral characteristics of the customers. This is due to the fact that gender segmentation and age segmentation are not applicable in the case of Emirates. Corporate flyers Corporate or professional passengers comprise of the major portion of the revenue of Emirates. This is due to the reason that professional people tends to travel more for their job or business. These passengers travel single in majority of the cases and are frequent flyers. Thus, they should have the loyalty with the airliner in order to retain the frequent flyers. One of the key strategies that can be initiated by the Emirates airline in enhancing the loyalty of this segment is to promote them frequent flyers list (Ashton 2015). This will enable the corporate passengers to have huge array of services and discounts along with other offers year around. Passengers in the frequent flyers list will be able to have certain fixed discount every time they book tickets with Emirates. Therefore, if the corporate flyers are being given fixed discounts over the standard charge then it is likely that they will prefer Emirates over their competitors (Meyer-Waarden 2013). Another strategy that can also be initiated is the pick and drop facility to and from the airport as a complimentary service. Majority of the corporate travelers travels on very tight schedule. Thus, if Emirates provide them pick and drop facilities, then it will be easier for the travelers to reach to their destination in minimal time and comfortably. It will motivate the travelers to book their flight with Emirates in further time also. Seasonal tourists Apart from the corporate flyers, there are seasonal tourists who mainly travel in groups with friends and families for only tour purpose. Among them there are number of frequent flyers also who travels in groups for at least once in year. The key advantage that is being gained by Emirates from this segment is the bulk bookings. One of the key strategies that can be initiated by Emirates in enhancing the loyalty of this segment is to provide them guidance of their tour destinations (Terblanche 2015). In majority of the cases, tourists are having less or no idea about their destination as they are visiting for the first time. Thus, Emirates can provide the guidance service to this customer segment about how and where they should visit. It will make the tourist feel more comfortable prior to the visiting to their destination. Another strategy that can be initiated by Emirates in enhancing the loyalty of the seasonal tourists is the seasonal bonus and offers. Festivals such as Christmas witnesses huge traffic in tourism. Hence, providence of added bonuses and discounts will further attract the existing customers to aging book their flights with Emirates. During the seasonal festivals, special vouchers, goodies and wishes can be given to the travelers as part of the customer relationship management. This will ensure the high brand recall among the existing customers. First time flyers Out of the all the customer traffic of Emirates airline, there is huge portion of first time flyers also. These first time flyers are having both corporate and group tourist also. However, the strategies in relation to the first time flyers should be more customized and different from the existing strategies. The key reason for this is that first time flyers are not having any idea about the international flights and the norms and regulations to be followed in the airports. There is always a sense of insecurity works with this segment. Thus, Emirates should have support facilities for the first time flyers along with having some sort for added engagement activities for the single flyers also (Chen and Hu 2013). This will made the travelers feel easy and comfortable. It will help in creating positive image among the first time flyers and the first impression will be long lasting and will help in enhanced loyalty of them. Recommended marketing mix The current market position as well as the target segments for the next three years is being identified in the previous sections. Thus, in accordance to that, ideal elements of marketing mix will be discussed, which will further help to solidify the brand in the global market (Mintz and Currim 2013). Product In the case of the Emirates airline, the product is their airline service. It is recommended that they should have different types of aircraft to suit the different needs of the customers. For instance, they can use the narrow body aircraft for the shorter distance, which will also cost low for the customers (Kuo and Jou 2014). On the other hand, wide body aircraft should be used for the long distance travel. This is due to the reason that in the recent time, concept of city breaks are becoming popular and having shorter flights with narrow body aircraft will suit the need and affordability of the customers. Moreover, providing wide body aircraft in the long distance will offer comfortable flight for the customers. Thus, service variations should be there in order to meet the varied customer requirements. It is also being suggested that Emirates should have added facilities in their aircraft such as internet facilities, personal entertainment facilities and different cuisines (Wu and Cheng 2013). This will further create satisfaction among the customers and will help them to create distinctive image among the market. Price In order to stay ahead in the competition, cost leadership should be promoted by Emirates. Though the target customer segments of them are mainly from the top and middle of the pyramid but having cost leadership will help them in increasing their profitability ratio (Kaliappen and Hilman 2013). It is evaluated in the earlier sections that price of Qatar airways are less compared to Emirates even delivering same service quality (Chung and Petrick 2013). Thus, achieving the cost leadership will help Emirates to beat Qatar in terms of the pricing also. The more will be the cost leadership, the more capital will be with them to invest in providing added facilities to the customers. Hence, the brand value will get enhanced in terms of service quality. Place The more locations will be covered by Emirates, the more exposure they will get in the market in terms of their brand value (Buil, De Chernatony and Martinez 2013). Thus, it is recommended that Emirates should enter the markets where they are currently not operating. This will increase their passenger traffic as well as their brand value. In addition, facilities such as online ticketing system and web check-in will help in creating positive brand image among the passengers (Skeen et al. 2015). Thus, it is recommended that Emirates should use their place element in enhancing the convenience of the passengers in order to create positive image in the global market. Promotion Promotion is the most important element in the marketing mix, which will be the most effective in enhancing the brand value of Emirates (Severi and Ling 2013). This is due to the reason that, promotion activities will determine whether the service provided by Emirates is being effectively communicated to the customers or not. It is recommended that Emirates should involve Omni channel marketing strategies in order to reach out to maximum number of customers around the world. Having online marketing mediums will help in reaching to the customers from the regions where Emirates are not having market presence (Balakrishnan, Dahnil and Yi 2014). On the other hand, offline promotional activities such as in flight activities and airport promotions will help in drawing more passengers and to communicate the brand value to the potential customers. Ansoff matrix Ansoff matrix is having four key components including market development, market penetration, product development and diversification. In the case of Emirates, it is recommended that they should opt for marketing penetration and market development in to retain the existing customer base along with tapping the new markets. These two strategies will help them in having dual benefits (Malysheva et al. 2016). Market development strategy will help in increasing the market share globally and market penetration strategy will help to retain the existing customers and market. Conclusion Thus from the above discussion, it can be concluded that the key challenge facing by Emirates airline in the recent time is the increase in the competition in the global market. BCG matrix and brand positioning map is being used in order to determine the current market position of Emirates as against its competitors. In accordance to that, this report discussed about the target segments that should be considered in order to increase the market share in the next three years. Various strategies are being discussed in order to increase the loyalty of the identified target segments. In addition, an ideal marketing mix is being discussed in this report, which will help Emirates to enhance their market share as well as brand value. Reference Ashton, D., 2015. Frequent vs. Infrequent Flyers: An Example of Perceptual Segmentation. In The 1980s: A Decade of Marketing Challenges (pp. 135-138). Springer, Cham. Balakrishnan, B.K., Dahnil, M.I. and Yi, W.J., 2014. The impact of social media marketing medium toward purchase intention and brand loyalty among generation Y. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, pp.177-185. Buil, I., De Chernatony, L. and Martnez, E., 2013. Examining the role of advertising and sales promotions in brand equity creation. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), pp.115-122. Chen, P.T. and Hu, H.H.S., 2013. The mediating role of relational benefit between service quality and customer loyalty in airline industry. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 24(9-10), pp.1084-1095. Chung, J.Y. and Petrick, J.F., 2013. Price fairness of airline ancillary fees: An attributional approach. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), pp.168-181. Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. and Rudelius, W., 2015. How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. David Mc A, B., 2013. Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines. American Journal of Tourism Research, 2(1), pp.67-77. Emirates global. (2018).About us | Emirates. [online] Available at: https://www.emirates.com/english/about-us/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2018]. Grnroos, C. and Gummerus, J., 2014. The service revolution and its marketing implications: service logic vs service-dominant logic. Managing service quality, 24(3), pp.206-229. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A. and Hussain, Y.K., 2015. Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, pp.167-175. Kaliappen, N. and Hilman, H., 2013. Enhancing organizational performance through strategic alignment of cost leadership strategy and competitor orientation. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(10), pp.1411-1416. Kuo, C.W. and Jou, R.C., 2014. Asymmetric response model for evaluating airline service quality: An empirical study in cross-strait direct flights. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 62, pp.63-70. Lee, J.Y., Kozlenkova, I.V. and Palmatier, R.W., 2015. Structural marketing: Using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), pp.73-99. Malysheva, T.V., Shinkevich, A.I., Kharisova, G.M., Nuretdinova, Y.V., Khasyanov, O.R., Nuretdinov, I.G., Zaitseva, N.A. and Kudryavtseva, S.S., 2016. The sustainable development of competitive enterprises through the implementation of innovative development strategy. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(1). Meyer-Waarden, L., 2013. The impact of reward personalisation on frequent flyer programmes' perceived value and loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(3), pp.183-194. Mintz, O. and Currim, I.S., 2013. What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?. Journal of Marketing, 77(2), pp.17-40. Rudnicki, W. and Vagner, I., 2014. Methods of strategic analysis and proposal method of measuring productivity of a company. Zeszyty Naukowe Ma?opolskiej Wy?szej Szko?y Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie, (2 (25)), pp.175-184. Severi, E. and Ling, K.C., 2013. The mediating effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand image and perceived quality on brand equity. Asian Social Science, 9(3), p.125. Skeen, W.D.M., Ross, C.T., Cockrill, H.G., Mertz, S.A., Smith, M.P. and Mayeri, D.M., OPUS DELI Inc, 2015. Venue-related multi-media management, streaming, online ticketing, and electronic commerce techniques implemented via computer networks and mobile devices. Terblanche, N.S., 2015. Customers perceived benefits of a frequent-flyer program. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 32(3), pp.199-210. Wu, H.C. and Cheng, C.C., 2013. A hierarchical model of service quality in the airline industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 20, pp.13-22.

Urdu Language Urdu Essay Example

Urdu Language Urdu Paper The term Urdu and its origin The term Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu language developed between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities like Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close contact with each other and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into present day Urdu. It is for this reason that Urdu is also referred to as Lashkari Zaban or language of the army. During its development Urdu language also assumed various names like the term Urdu-e-Maullah meaning the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian words) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu poetry. History and Evolution of Urdu Language Urdu arose in the contact situation which developed from the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by Turkic dynasties from the 11th century onwards, first as Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid empire conqueredPunjab in the early 11th century, then when the Ghurids invaded northern India in the 12th century, and most ecisively with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian . Muzaffar Alam asserts that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and ocial factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. However, the armies, merchants, preachers, Sufis, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and the medieval Hindu literary language, Braj Bhasha. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as Haryanvi, Panjabi, and in the 17th century Khariboli, the dialect of the new capital at Delhi. By 1800, Khariboli had become dominant. The language went by several names over the years: Hindawi or Hindi, [language] of India; Dehlavi of Delhi;Hindustani, of Hindustan; and Zaban-e-Urdu, the language of he [army] camp, from which came the current name of Urdu around the year 1800. When Wali Mohammed Wali arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a register called Rekhta, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi S ultanate expanded south to the Deccan Plateau, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect of Urdu. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. We will write a custom essay sample on Urdu Language Urdu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urdu Language Urdu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urdu Language Urdu specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made coofficial along with English in the British Raj. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This Hindi replaced traditional Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of Urdu for Muslims and Hindi for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence from the British, though there are Hindu poets who ontinue to write in Urdu to this day. Although there have been attempts to purge Urdu and Hindi, respectively, of their Sanskrit and Persian words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and Sanskrit for Hindi, this has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit. English has exert ed a heavy influence on both as a co official language. Official status Urdu is the national and one of the two official languages of Pakistan, the other eing English, and is spoken and understood throughout the country, while the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the provincial languages. It is used in education, literature, office and court business. It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, andPunjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca and national language in Pakistan. Urdu is also one of the officially recognised languages in India and has official language tatus in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,[32] Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir and the national capital, New Delhi. In Jammu and Kashmir, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution provides: The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the Eng lish language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution. As of 2010, the English language continues to be used as an official language for more than 90% of fficial work in Kashmir. There are ongoing efforts to make Kashmiri and Dogri, spoken as mother tongues by nearly 80% of the population of Indian-administered Kashmir, as official languages alongside English. The importance of Urdu in the Muslim world is visible in the Holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, where most informational signage is written in Arabic, English and Urdu, and sometimes in other languages. Importance: Urdu is one of the most popular languages which are having a history of hundreds of years back. Urdu language got lots of preferences in various historical aspects. Urdu is considered as the language used by many ancient kings and it was the only language for communication in certain regions of ancient kingdoms. Ancient regions of Persian kingdom were the main areas of Urdu language. Years after Urdu language have been spread to India as one of the language in certain regions of India. In India Urdu language has been mostly used by the Muslim community. After that Pakistan has been divided from India and declared as an independent country for the Muslim community. As a result Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. Pakistan s considered as the birth place of Urdu poetry as Urdu is the main language of the common people in Pakistan. Urdu poetries are written in different forms by various experienced Urdu poets. Among the various forms of Urdu poetries Ghazal plays an important role which is a popular art form around all over the world. Ghazal has certain rules in its writing and one of the main rules is that Ghazal should end with the same words used for its starting and this rule is called ‘Radeef’. Gair Muraddaf Ghazals are a variety of Ghazals which doesn’t have a radeef. Ham Radeef Ghazals are those Ghazals with same radeef. Urdu Ghazal is an important form of Ghazal which is very much popular all over the world. Importance of urdu in pakistan Urdu holds the status of the national language of Pakistan. It is also the official language of the country and the post is also shared by English. It is understood all over the country and is the best medium of communication anywhere in the country. Urdu has been in the region since the 11th century. The rulers of that time urged the population to learn how to read and write Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language and is derived from three different languages which are Arabic, Turkish and Persian. The letters used in Urdu language are similar to the ones used in Arabic and Persian (Farsi) language. Though the letters are the same but the dialect and accent differs a lot. The word Urdu means army. In old times the armies in this region comprised of people from different nationalities. All had different languages and could not understand each other. A language was required which could be understood by all. Urdu emerged as the medium that linked all and was understood by all. According to different researches carried out, Urdu is not only spoken in Pakistan but also in many other parts of the world. It is one of the 23 official languages of India. It is widely spoken in Bangladesh and also in many gulf countries. There are also hundreds and thousands of Urdu speakers in the European countries and Americas. In Pakistan not more than 8% people have their first language as Urdu but the rest of the population speaks and understands Urdu as the second language. The estimated number of native Urdu speakers in Pakistan is 10. 5 million and all over the world the figure is 50 million approximately. In Pakistan alone the people who understand and speak Urdu as the first or econd language is 104 million approximately. Urdu is included as a compulsory subject in the schools and colleges of Pakistan. Urdu poetry and literature is taught and given prime importance alongside English in the institutions. The Urdu literature has a rich history and it has seen very eminent and world renowned poets like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib. It is not only poetry but also a lot of Islamic litera ture and Sharia literature has also been written Urdu. It was even before many other languages that Sharia and Islamic literature was written and also translated in this language. Urdu has emerged as a binding force which has kept the people of Pakistan close to each other. National language A national language is a language (or language variant, i. e. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country. C. M. B. Brann, with particular reference to Africa, suggests that there are four quite distinctive meanings for national language in a polity:[1] ?Territorial language (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect[2]) of a particular people ?Regional language (choralect) ?Language-in-common or community language (demolect) used throughout a country ?Central language (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Urdu http://www. theurdulanguage. com/Downfall. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_language

Poem One Perfect Rose Essays

Poem One Perfect Rose Essays Poem One Perfect Rose Paper Poem One Perfect Rose Paper Most women believe that men do not have the ability to love or show their love in any fashion. For decades, women have believed that they will ultimately have to settle for a man that might be able to reach their level, only If that woman took the time to teach him correctly. Another notion that women hold is: if a man gives a flower or writes a poem, he is in some strange way degrading her or Just trying to get into her pants. On the flip, side I constantly see women being abused and still going back to their men only because he said, I love you. I believe that is why women have been arced to be on the defensive. The Poem One perfect Rose(Up 82) has brought to my attention: I as a man of little wealth, that doesnt put me In a profitable position with the average woman that wants a limousine as opposed to a flower. In the first line, Parker (the writer) says, A single flower he sent me, since we met. Whether they met yesterday or five years ago remains unknow n. It is apparent that the speaker and many other women of that time lost their respect for something so sentimental. I have always thought off rose, or any gift from the heart, as something o be cherished rather than taken for granted. Maybe Parsers speaker should wonder if she is worthy enough to receive a perfect rose. l knew the language of the flowerer; / my fragile leaves, it said, Shish heart enclose means a great deal. This sentence seems to convey that she realizes the significance of one perfect rose(at least for a brief moment). She regards the rose as a messenger, someone to reveal the Importance or significance of an act or feeling. Parker proceeds by saying, Love long has taken for his amulet. Although women eight not see it, a simple gesture of giving a single rose could signify much more. She does not seem to understand that the man might be trying to convey more than just a simple affection. This poem was written In 1937, and yet, the content of the writing still seems to apply to attitudes women display as of late. But can a woman be so shallow that she passes by the beauty of a r ose to get to something bigger and better. In past poems and stories, the beauty of a woman has been compared to the undefiled image of a rose. But to be given A perfect rose should have been an honor rather than a reverts. Ask yourself one quick question: what gift have you received in your lifetime that could be meaningless to everyone else but you regarded it as the most precious object you have ever obtained? I really like the way the flirts two stanzas differ from the last. The first two seem like they would have been written by a sweet elegant writer of the 10th century, along with William Shakespeare. The latter sounds like a sarcastic daddies girl that has had everything given to her on a silver platter, with no use for a single rose. By the last Tanta she crushes the roses heart, the symbol of his love, by inferring that it is useless compared to One Perfect limousine. She seems to think of the rose as Just a rose, out a Limousine as something AT greater value. Winy a Limousine? Winy not a finely cut diamond? I dont know any woman that would not Jump at the chance at a diamond. The limousine signifies what she really wants but has never had: a commitment. She does not want something that will eventually be tossed out and forgotten. Instead, she wants something built to last, something reliable. Nevertheless, no one ever gave her a limousine. When I first read this work I was sure that I would never see eye-to-eye with the speaker but instead I Just became more concerned with Parker, whom may have been trapped feeling the same way. I hope that Parker did not take what the speaker wished genuinely because it makes the poem much stronger to think that she is making Jest of her own gender. Or better yet, that she had caught herself in similar instances before. Sometimes, for women, the best a man can give is never good enough. Every man that has had to deal with womans antics has had to realize what his part n their relationship is and where he should leave well enough alone. Men that break that unwritten law have always had to pay in the past. Example, Seasons little mishap with Media. Women have always been the mystery of every mans life. From Adam and Eve to Sunny and Cheer, men have always been on the outside looking in. A lot of the time, women want men to predict what they want or need, instead of Just coming out with it. I cannot see an end to this madness without the breakdown of the communication barrier between the two sexes. As far as I can see, men will always be left in the dark.

Chrystal Meekers Momma (1980) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chrystal Meekers Momma (1980) - Essay Example The poem by Meeker can be realized as dealing with a child’s recognition of how a mother gives up anything and everything for the sake of her child. Whereas the poet deals with poverty and despair affecting the family, the mother’s unconditional sacrifice for the children is the central theme of the poem, and she gladly starves herself in order to make the children contented. Therefore, a reflective exploration of the poem â€Å"Momma† by Crystal Meeker makes clear that the poet compellingly deals with the true meaning of motherhood through the skillful use of literary devices. In a profound analysis of the poem â€Å"Momma†, it becomes lucid that Crystal Meeker’s major intention in writing the poem has been to glorify the true meaning of motherhood and the poet’s use of literary devices such as hyperbole, imagery, simile, etc. has helped him to convey his message persuasively. Significantly, any careful reader is reminded of a mother’s unconditional love and sacrifice for the well-being of her children and family. In this poem, Meeker magnificently presents a family facing the realities of poverty and the unlimited love and sacrifice of the mother becomes obvious to the reader. In order to present the life of the family, the poet employs hyperbole when he suggests that mother and daughter did not always meet eye to eye: â€Å"they clawed their womanhoods out of each other† (line 3).

Analyzing Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing Othello - Essay Example Lago was careful enough to burn the match on both ends. He had taken both Othello and Cassio into complete confidence. He knew Othello was aware of his real battle skills and earned Cassio’s sincerity by offering him handkerchief. Lago very carefully made Othello feel that Cassio had conducted adultery with Desdemona. In such circumstances, whatever Desdemona had to say in her defense would not matter. Lago’s strategy was too wisely constructed and carefully practiced for Othello to escape. Therefore, it is irrational to call Othello unjust in his display of haste and violence towards Desdemona. On the other hand, Othello also did not trust whatever Lago told him unless he had a solid proof for that. Othello had been very angry with Lago for having uttered humiliating and disdainful remarks about his wife when Lago accused Desdemona to have made love with Cassio. Othello’s rage can be estimated from the fact that he had warned Lago that he would kill him if he di d not provide Othello with a solid proof about Desdemona and Cassio’s relationship. When Lago remained successful in providing Othello with a solid proof of his assertion, Othello can not be blamed for not having suspected Lago instead of Cassio. Works cited: Shakespear, William. Othello, the moor of Venice: A tragedy. London: J. Tonson. 1743, Print.

PROGRESS REPORT FOR CO-OP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words - 1

PROGRESS REPORT FOR CO-OP - Essay Example However, despite the progress that the company has been making, training employees remains its main activity in a bid to remain competitive and keep pace with rivals. When this company was under the leadership of Steve Jobs, it had adopted a distribution channel system that encompassed intermediaries who were authorized dealers. The strategy worked with excellence in most parts of the world, lately, the strategy seems not to be working as expected since competitors have changed tact, and adopted strategies that give them competitive advantages above Apple Inc. The company has been on a mission to recruit and train cashiers, public relation personnel in their different stores (Wentland, 2007), managers and other employees, so that they can help tackle the prevailing marketing and management challenges. At the same time, the company is recruiting and training ambitious young people so that they can add creativity and innovativeness that was left void when its creative genius and founder, Steve Jobs passed on. Apple Inc. offers electronics and related products, with its main area of interest being development of computer hardwares and softwares. The company has been doing this by use of creative young people who understand the current needs of the market as well as their ability to read strategies of competitors and counter them. However, in the recent past, the company has not been able to effectively tackle issues of technology development as well as marketing because the systems that have been adopted by clients have outdone its strategies in a great way. This is the main constraint that the company has been facing, something that has prompted a serious concern for training of new and dynamic workers who can turn round the fortunes of the company. The training program that has been developed is aimed at training managers on

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated in Glucose Transport

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated in Glucose Transport A role for ataxia telangiectasia mutated in insulin-independent stimulation of glucose transport Abstract Literature reports suggest that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) can activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a protein that can stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMPK activator, would increase glucose transport in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in an ATM-dependent manner. AICAR-stimulated glucose transport was prevented by the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 and in ATM-deficient (ATM-/-) muscle despite normal stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation. S231 of TBC1D1 matches the sequence motif of ATM substrates, and phosphorylation of this site is known to inhibit TBC1D1 and lead to increased glucose transport. Accordingly, we assessed TBC1D1 phosphorylation and found that AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 at S231did not occurin ATM-/- muscle. However, activation of ATM without activation of AMPK was insufficient to increase TBC1D1 phosphorylation.The data suggest that AT M plays a role in AICAR stimulated glucose transport downstream of AMPK. Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase; ataxia telangiectasia mutated; TBC1D1; AICAR; glucose transport; skeletal muscle Introduction The serine-threonine kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) appears to play a role in glucose homeostasis. For example, recent genome-wide association studies have found that genetic variations near the ATM gene are related to glycemic responses to metformin [1, 2], a commonly-prescribed drug for blood glucose control. While the mechanism for metformin’s effect on blood glucose levels is under debate [3-6], it is known that metformin acutely stimulates glucose transport into skeletal muscle concomitant with activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [7]. Activation of AMPK is sufficient to stimulate insulin-independent glucose transport into skeletal muscle [8, 9]. Intriguingly, ATM dependence has been reported for activation of AMPK in response to DNA damage or insulin-like growth factor 1 in HeLa cells and fibroblasts, exposure of lung cancer cells to ionizing radiation,exposure of lymphoblaststo H2O2, or treatment of HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts with the adenosine analog AICAR [10-14]. Despite these suggestive data on the role of ATM upstream of AMPK, the potential role of ATM in AMPK-dependent stimulation of glucose transport has not previously been investigated in skeletal muscle, the predominant whole-body storage depot for glucose. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that glucose uptake stimulated by the AMPK activator AICAR would be dependent on ATM in skeletal muscle. Methods Materials Antibodies against TBC1D1, AMPK, phosphorylated AMPKÃŽ ± T172 (P-AMPK), and phosphorylated ATM S1981 (P-ATM) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against phosphorylated TBC1D1 (P-TBC1D1) S237 (S231 in mouse) were purchased from EMD Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). Antibodies against tubulin and ATM were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Pierce Biotechnology (Rockford, IL, USA). The ATM inhibitor KU-55933 was a generous gift from Dr. Graeme Smith (KuDOSPhramaceuticals, Cambridge, UK). The AMPK inhibitor Compound C was provided by Merck Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ, USA). Doxorubicin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose and mannitol were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Collection and Processing of Animal Muscle All procedures using live animals were approved by the Saint Louis University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Transgenic mice expressing a truncation mutation of ATM [15] were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mice that were heterozygous for the transgene were used to breed wild type (ATM+/+) and ATM deficient (ATM-/) mice. After weaning, each mouse was anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (55 mg ketamine and 5.5 mg xylazine per kg), and a tail sample was obtained for genotyping as previously described [15, 16]. Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed and incubated in vitro as described previously [16, 17]. The incubation media for the muscle consisted of Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHB) containing 8 mM glucose and 32 mM mannitol. Vials containing EDL muscles were gassed with 95% O2 : 5% CO2 and kept gently shaking at 35 ºC. Muscles were incubated for one hour to allow recovery from dissection. Muscles were then transferred into KHB containing 32 mM mannitol and 8 mM glucose in the presence of 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle (DMSO) or 1  µM KU-55933, a concentration sufficient to inhibit ATM [18, 19] but low enough to avoid inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [19]. After 30 minutes, muscles were incubated in KHB with 8 mM glucose and the absence or presence of 2 mM AICAR for one hour with the continued presence of DMSO or KU and 32 mM or 30 mM mannitol to keep osmolarity constant across media. At this point, some muscles were blotted and clamp-frozen with aluminum tongs cooled in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80  ºC for later western blot analysis. Other muscles were subjected to 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake assays as described below. In parallel procedures, EDL muscles from wild-type or ATM-deficient animals were allowed to recover in vitro for one hour, incubated in KHB containing mannitol as described above and in the absence or presence of 2 mM AICAR for one hour and then either clamp-frozen or subjected to 2DG uptake assays as previously reported [16, 17] and briefly described below. 2DG uptake Muscles were washed at 30  ºC in glucose-free KHB containing 40 mM mannitol in the absence or presence of KU-55933 (DMSO vehicle) or, for procedures with the ATM-/- mice, in medium containing neither KU nor DMSO. Muscles were then incubated in KHB containing 4 mM 2DG, 2  µCi/ml 3H-2DG, 36 mM mannitol, 0.3  µCi/ml 14C-mannitol, and 0.1% DMSO or 1  µM KU-55933 if they had been present in earlier incubations. Muscles were clamp-frozen and stored at -80  ºC. Muscles were then homogenized in Kontes ground glass tubes in ice-cold buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mM Na3VO4, 150 mM NaF,10  µg/ml leupeptin, 10  µg/ml aprotinin, 0.5  µg/mL pepstatin and 1 mM phenymethylsulfonylflouride). Homogenates were centrifuged at 4  ºC for 10 minutes at 14,000Ë £g, and supernatant protein concentration was analyzed by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method (Pierce Protein Technologies, Rockland, IL, USA). Supernatant aliquots and aliquots of the incubation media were mixed with Ultima Gold XR scintillation fluid (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA), and samples were assessed by scintillation counting (TriCarb 3110TR, Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA). The disintegrations per minute (DPM) of 14C-mannitol were used to measure the extracellular volume, and intracellular 2DG was calculated from 3H DPM after accounting for 3H DPM in the extracellular space. 2DG transport was expressed as nmol 2DG/mg protein/10 minutes. Western Blotting Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, assayed for protein content as described above, diluted in Laemmli sample buffer containing dithiothreitol, and boiled for 5 minutes. Samples were then analyzed using SDS-PAGE as described previously [20]. Samples were run on 4-20% Tris-HEPES gels (Pierce) and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. After transfer, membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween. Proteins on the nitrocellulose membranes were probed with primary and secondary antibodies described in the Materials section and then visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (Western Lightning; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Western blots were quantified using TotalLab software purchased from TotalLab Nonlinear Dynamics (Newcastle on Tyre, UK). For probing ATM and P-ATM, samples were run on 3-8% Tris-Acetate gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) alongside HiMark (Invitrogen) molecular weight markers. Statistics Data were analyzed by ANOVA with post hoc LSD comparisons. A level of P Results AICAR-stimulated glucose transport ATM’s role in AICAR stimulated glucose transport was assessed in isolated EDL muscle by using either ATM deficient mice or by using the specific ATM inhibitor, KU-55933. As shown in figure 1A, ATM protein was present in only background levels in EDL from ATM-/- mice. As shown in figure 1B, AICAR increased glucose transport in muscle from wild type mice(P AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK It has previously been reported that ATM plays a role in AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation in HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts [12]. Thus, we assessed phosphorylation of AMPK to determine whether ATM’s role in AICAR-stimulated glucose transport was through an influence on AMPK phosphorylation. As shown in figure 2A, AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was normal in muscle from ATM-/- mice. Likewise, AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was unaffected by the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 (figure 2B). Phosphorylation of TBC1D1 The RabGTPase activating protein (GAP) TBC1D1 is required for stimulation of glucose transport by AICAR [21]. Furthermore, phosphorylation of mouse TBC1D1 at S231 (corresponding to S237 of human TBC1D1) in response to AICAR occurs concomitant with an increase in glucosetransport [22-24], and S231 phosphorylation appears to be necessary to convey insulin-responsiveness to TBC1D1 [25]. Intriguingly, S231 and the surrounding amino acids (F-S-Q) match the consensushydrophobic-serine/threonine-glutamine (à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  -S/T-Q) motif of ATM targets [26, 27]. While phosphorylation of this site is increased by the AMPK activators phenformin and AICAR [28], and the site is an in vitro target of AMPK [28], this does not rule out the possibility that another kinase could act on the site. Thus, we hypothesized that S231 phosphorylation in response to AICAR would be dependent on ATM. As shown in figure3, AICAR increased phosphorylation of TBC1D1 S231 in EDL from wild type mice (P Discussion The new information provided by this study is that AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is dependent on ATM. Additionally, this role for ATM in AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake does not involve an effect at the level of AMPK phosphorylation but instead is associated with altered phosphorylation of TBC1D1, downstream of AMPK. Based on data that the ATM inhibitor KU-55933 blunted activation of AMPK by metformin in a hepatoma cell line, Zhou et al proposed that ATM acts upstream of AMPK [2]. However, two independent groups have shown that KU-55933 prevents AMPK activation by metformin through inhibition of the cation transporter responsible for metformin uptake rather than through inhibition of ATM [3, 4]. In hepatocytes, ultraviolet light irradiation stimulated phosphorylation of the ATM target H2AX, but had no effect on AMPK activity [4]. Additionally, caffeine, which inhibits ATM,suppressed phosphorylation of H2AX but not activation of AMPK by metformin [4] . Finally, while hydrogen peroxide activated both AMPK and ATM in HEK293 cells, KU-55933 prevented ATM autophosphorylation but did not interfere with AMPK activity [4]. Together, these data [4] suggest that ATM does not act upstream of AMPK, at least in hepatocytes or HEK293 cells. While it has been reported that ATM acts upstream of AMPK inHeLa cells, lung cancer cells, fibroblasts, lymphoblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts [10-14], it seems unlikely that tissues corresponding to these cell lines would play a meaningful role in glucose homeostasis. Intriguingly, however, the increase in insulin sensitivity and a concomitant increase in autophosphorylated ATM in L6 myotubes in response to serum starvation was found to be dependent on AMPK, while inhibition of ATM prevented increased insulin action but not an increase in AMPK phosphorylation in serum starved myotubes [18]. Together, the data from serum-starved myotubes [18]suggest that ATM could act downstream of AMPK in regulation of glucose transport. The current data showing blunted glucose transport despite normal phosphorylation of AMPK in response to AICAR in ATM-deficient skeletal muscle or muscle exposed to KU-55933 are consistent with the idea of ATM acting downstream of AMPK. AMPK is a heterotrimerof ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², and ÃŽ ³ subunits, each with multiple isoforms [30]. The two main activating upstream kinases for AMPK are liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase ÃŽ ² [31], though there are some reports that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK does not require LKB1 [11, 32] and could indeed be through direct phosphorylation of AMPK by ATM [11]. Intriguingly, LKB1 is an in vitro substrate for ATM [33], suggesting a potential mechanism for the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK [14]. However, phosphorylation of LKB1 by ATM does not affect LKB1 activity in vitro or LKB1 localization in vivo [33], so the precise role of LKB1 phosphorylation in activation of AMPK remains uncertain. Clearly, there are cell-type differences in the role of ATM upstream of AMPK, and perhaps these are influenced by factors including the expression profile of AMPK subunit isoforms or the subcellular localizations of ATM, AMPK, and LKB1. The current study, as the first to demonstrate a role of ATM in insulin-independent glucose transport, adds to the growing body of literature suggesting a role for ATM in glucoregulation. For example, young mice that lack functional ATM are hyperglycemic compared to wild-type animals during oral glucose tolerance tests [34]. Likewise, for mice with an ApoE-/- background, animals that have only one allele ofATMthat codes for functional protein are hyperglycemic during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests compared to mice with two wild-type ATM alleles [35]. Finally, inhibition of ATM decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle-derived cell lines [16, 32], and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is blunted in L6 cells expressing kinase-dead ATM and in mouse skeletal muscle from animals deficient in ATM [16, 32]. Quite interestingly, while ATM plays a role upstream of Akt in response to insulin in some cell lines and in glycolytic skeletal muscle [ 16, 20, 36], the point of influence of ATM in insulin signaling leading to glucose transport in oxidative muscle is downstream of Akt at theRabGAP AS160/TBC1D4 [16, 20]which, like TBC1D1, acts on Rabs 2A, 8A, 8B, 10, and 14 [37]. Thus, ATM influences both insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AS160 [16, 20] and AICAR-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle. In summary, this study provides the first evidence for a role of ATM in AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Thus, ATM plays key roles in both insulin-dependent [16]and insulin-independent stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, suggesting a basis for the association of ATM variants with glycemic profiles recently reported [2, 7].

Railroads in Hamlet Essay -- American History Hamlet North Carolina Pa

Railroads in Hamlet Hamlet. By definition, a hamlet is a small, desolate town, with less people than a village. In 1931, the town of Hamlet, North Carolina did not fit this description. It in fact was a bustling town full of varied industry and agricultural projects, as depicted in a newspaper article from the Raleigh News and Observer in 1931. In this article, Hamlet is described as being anything but a small, desolate town, showing its importance mainly being in the railroad industry. Though the descriptions in the article, it is easy to see what an important place Hamlet was in 1931 for the Railroad industry. In the 1920’s, the country was experiencing â€Å"the most explosive decade of the century,† or, as it has been called, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† (Wang). Everything great was happening for the country in everything from music to politics and fashion to the stock market. That was until one ‘Black Thursday’ on October 24, 1929 when the stock market crashed (Wang). This started what is now commonly known as The Great Depression. Jobs were lost, people starting starving, suicide was attempted, and the country just started coming to a halt with people being too worn out and depressed to do much of anything. The country stayed this way for almost ten years. It would not be until many years later that Franklin Roosevelt would put in place the New Deal and turn the country back around (Wang). But, through all the stresses and hard times the country was facing, Hamlet seemed to prosper, growing in population size and industrial importance (Hamle t). In 1900, 4000 miles of railroads crossed over North Carolina in many directions (Trelease 32). The expansion of the railroad system did so much for Nort... ...ked like back then. Also, a great history of Hamlet is given. This article clears up some misconception of the doom and glom lifestyles that are always associated with the Great Depression. Lastly, this article teaches the lesson of never giving up even when the odds are against you. If you close your eyes and listen, you can almost see the train coming and hear the whistles blowing. Works Cited â€Å"Hamlet: Important Agricultural Outlet Has Its Own Varied Industries.† News and Observer 20 Dec. 1931 no edition or page number known. Shelton-Roberts, Cheryl. â€Å"The Hamlet Railroad Station.† Our State Jan. 1999: 41-44. Trelease, Allen. â€Å"Railroads in North Carolina, 1900.† Tar Heel Junior Historian Fall 1999: 32-33. Wang, Henru, Chris Gotterba, and Jeff Wu. â€Å"The 1920’s Experience.† 24 Apr. 2002.